Virtualisation and resource allocation in MECEnabled metro optical networks

The appearance of new network services and the ever-increasing network traffic and number of connected devices will push the evolution of current communication networks towards the Future Internet. In the area of optical networks, wavelength routed optical networks (WRONs) are evolving to elastic optical networks (EONs) in which, thanks to the use of OFDM or Nyquist WDM, it is possible to create super-channels with custom-size bandwidth. The basic element in these networks is the lightpath, i.e., all-optical circuits between two network nodes. The establishment of lightpaths requires the selection of the route that they will follow and the portion of the spectrum to be used in order to carry the requested traffic from the source to the destination node. That problem is known as the routing and spectrum assignment (RSA) problem, and new algorithms must be proposed to address this design problem. Some early studies on elastic optical networks studied gridless scenarios, in which a slice of spectrum of variable size is assigned to a request. However, the most common approach to the spectrum allocation is to divide the spectrum into slots of fixed width and allocate multiple, consecutive spectrum slots to each lightpath, depending on the requested bandwidth. Moreover, EONs also allow the proposal of more flexible routing and spectrum assignment techniques, like the split-spectrum approach in which the request is divided into multiple "sub-lightpaths". In this thesis, four RSA algorithms are proposed combining two different levels of flexibility with the well-known k-shortest paths and first fit heuristics. After comparing the performance of those methods, a novel spectrum assignment technique, Best Gap, is proposed to overcome the inefficiencies emerged when combining the first fit heuristic with highly flexible networks. A simulation study is presented to demonstrate that, thanks to the use of Best Gap, EONs can exploit the network flexibility and reduce the blocking ratio. On the other hand, operators must face profound architectural changes to increase the adaptability and flexibility of networks and ease their management. Thanks to the use of network function virtualisation (NFV), the necessary network functions that must be applied to offer a service can be deployed as virtual appliances hosted by commodity servers, which can be located in data centres, network nodes or even end-user premises. The appearance of new computation and networking paradigms, like multi-access edge computing (MEC), may facilitate the adaptation of communication networks to the new demands. Furthermore, the use of MEC technology will enable the possibility of installing those virtual network functions (VNFs) not only at data centres (DCs) and central offices (COs), traditional hosts of VFNs, but also at the edge nodes of the network. Since data processing is performed closer to the enduser, the latency associated to each service connection request can be reduced. MEC nodes will be usually connected between them and with the DCs and COs by optical networks. In such a scenario, deploying a network service requires completing two phases: the VNF-placement, i.e., deciding the number and location of VNFs, and the VNF-chaining, i.e., connecting the VNFs that the traffic associated to a service must transverse in order to establish the connection. In the chaining process, not only the existence of VNFs with available processing capacity, but the availability of network resources must be taken into account to avoid the rejection of the connection request. Taking into consideration that the backhaul of this scenario will be usually based on WRONs or EONs, it is necessary to design the virtual topology (i.e., the set of lightpaths established in the networks) in order to transport the tra c from one node to another. The process of designing the virtual topology includes deciding the number of connections or lightpaths, allocating them a route and spectral resources, and finally grooming the traffic into the created lightpaths. Lastly, a failure in the equipment of a node in an NFV environment can cause the disruption of the SCs traversing the node. This can cause the loss of huge amounts of data and affect thousands of end-users. In consequence, it is key to provide the network with faultmanagement techniques able to guarantee the resilience of the established connections when a node fails. For the mentioned reasons, it is necessary to design orchestration algorithms which solve the VNF-placement, chaining and network resource allocation problems in 5G networks with optical backhaul. Moreover, some versions of those algorithms must also implements protection techniques to guarantee the resilience system in case of failure. This thesis makes contribution in that line. Firstly, a genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the VNF-placement and VNF-chaining problems in a 5G network with optical backhaul based on star topology: GASM (genetic algorithm for effective service mapping). Then, we propose a modification of that algorithm in order to be applied to dynamic scenarios in which the reconfiguration of the planning is allowed. Furthermore, we enhanced the modified algorithm to include a learning step, with the objective of improving the performance of the algorithm. In this thesis, we also propose an algorithm to solve not only the VNF-placement and VNF-chaining problems but also the design of the virtual topology, considering that a WRON is deployed as the backhaul network connecting MEC nodes and CO. Moreover, a version including individual VNF protection against node failure has been also proposed and the effect of using shared/dedicated and end-to-end SC/individual VNF protection schemes are also analysed. Finally, a new algorithm that solves the VNF-placement and chaining problems and the virtual topology design implementing a new chaining technique is also proposed. Its corresponding versions implementing individual VNF protection are also presented. Furthermore, since the method works with any type of WDM mesh topologies, a technoeconomic study is presented to compare the effect of using different network topologies in both the network performance and cost.Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones e Ingeniería TelemáticaDoctorado en Tecnologías de la Información y las Telecomunicacione

Operaciones aritméticas básicas con circuitos cuánticos

Los ordenadores que aprovechan las leyes de la Mecánica Cuántica son capaces de realizar de forma eficiente tareas inabordables para un ordenador clásico como, por ejemplo, la factorización de números. Ciertas operaciones de uso frecuente, como resolver sistemas de ecuaciones lineales, aunque son eficientes en ordenadores clásicos, se pueden resolver en menos tiempo con circuitos cuánticos. En este trabajo se estudiarán las posibles mejoras de eficiencia en el cálculo de operaciones aritméticas básicas. En particular, se estudiará un sumador cuántico y un multiplicador que operan trabajando con la transformada cuántica de Fourier.Máster en Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicacione

A new 2D tessellation for angle problems: The polar diagram

The new approach we propose in this paper is a plane partition with similar features to those of the Voronoi Diagram, but the Euclidean minimum distance criterion is replaced for the minimal angle criterion. The result is a new tessellation of the plane in regions called Polar Diagram, in which every site is owner of a polar region as the locus of points with smallest polar angle respect to this site. We prove that polar diagrams, used as preprocessing, can be applied to many problems in Computational Geometry in order to speed up their processing times. Some of these applications are the convex hull, visibility problems, and path planning problems

Algorithm to improve the diagnosis of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes associated with SOX1 antibodies

Cell-based assay; Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes; Small-cell lung cancerAssaig basat en cèl·lules; Síndromes neurològiques paraneoplàstiques; Càncer de pulmó de cèl·lules petitesEnsayo basado en células; Síndromes neurológicos paraneoplásicos; Cáncer de pulmón de células pequeñasSOX1 antibodies (SOX1-abs) are associated with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). In many clinical laboratories SOX1-abs are determined by commercial line blots without confirmation by cell-based assay (CBA) with HEK293 cells expressing SOX1. However, the diagnostic yield of commercial line blots is low and the accessibility to the CBA, that is not commercially available, limited. Here, we evaluated if the addition of the band intensity data of the line blot and the immunoreactivity in a tissue-based assay (TBA) improve the diagnostic performance of the line blot. We examined serum of 34 consecutive patients with adequate clinical information that tested positive for SOX1-abs in a commercial line blot. Samples were also assessed by TBA and CBA. SOX1-abs were confirmed by CBA in 17 (50%) patients, all (100%) had lung cancer (SCLC in 16) and 15/17 (88%) had a PNS. In the remaining 17 patients the CBA was negative and none had PNS associated with lung cancer. TBA was assessable in 30/34 patients and SOX1-abs reactivity was detected in 15/17 (88%) with positive and in 0/13 (0%) with negative CBA. Only 2 (13%) of the 15 TBA-negative patients were CBA-positive. The frequency of TBA-negative but CBA-positive increased from 10% (1/10) when the band intensity of the line blot was weak to 20% (1/5) in patients with a moderate or strong intensity band. Confirmation by CBA should be mandatory for samples (56% in this series) not assessable (4/34; 12%) or negative in the TBA (15/34; 44%).This study was funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III - Subdirección General de Evaluación y Formento de la Investigación Sanitaria and co-funded by European Union, FIS (PI21/00255, RR-G)

Emotional Education programs in the Primary Education stage: A systematic review

Raúl García-Pérez Febles – Universidad de La Laguna - 0000-0001-7977-5164Lidia Esther Santana-Vega – Universidad de La Laguna - 0000-0002-2543-6543Zuleica Ruiz-Alfonso – Universidad de La Laguna - 0000-0001-7090-0096Recepción: 11.05.2023 | Aceptado: 24.10.2023Correspondencia a través de ORCID: Raúl García-Pérez Febles - 0000-0001-7977-5164Área o categoría del conocimiento: Ciencias SocialesLa educación emocional, y todo lo que ello implica, ha ido adquiriendo cada vez mayor importancia en todas las esferas de la sociedad. Por tanto, no es de extrañar que este tópico tenga cada día más relevancia en el entorno escolar; esto se traduce en un incremento de programas de educación emocional. En este estudio de revisión sistemática se analiza la literatura publicada sobre programas de educación emocional en la etapa de Educación Primaria. Concretamente, se pretende: a) identificar las características principales de los estudios realizados sobre educación emocional, y b) conocer los efectos de los programas de intervención en el alumnado. El método utilizado ha seguido las directrices de la declaración PRISMA. La investigación se ha llevado a cabo mediante el estudio de catorce artículos extraídos de tres bases de datos. Los resultados de dichos artículos, así como sus procedimientos, han sido comparados entre ellos teniendo en cuenta aspectos como el tamaño de la muestra, frecuencia de las intervenciones y efectos de tales intervenciones sobre el alumnado. Finalmente se discute la necesidad de realizar estudios a largo plazo de los efectos que los programas de intervención tienen en el alumnado.Abstract: It's becoming increasingly clear that emotional education plays a significant role in all aspects of society. As a result, emotional education programs are gaining popularity in schools. In this study, we conducted a systematic review to analyze the literature on emotional education programs in Primary Education. Specifically, we aimed a) to identify the main features of emotional education programs and b) to know the effect of emotional education programs on students' variables. We analyzed 14 articles from three different databases according to the PRISMA statement guidelines. The results and procedures of the studies included were compared, adding aspects such as the sample size, intervention frequency, and outcomes. We conclude this review by discussing the need for further long-term research in this area.Universidad de La Lagun

Potential of the transformation of urban solid waste into energy, through the Batch Oxidation System in Asunción, Paraguay

In view of the excessive volume of waste generated daily in the city of Asunción and the poor state of the landfills created for this purpose, alternatives for the use of these wastes were evaluated, studying the experiences in other countries with a similar problem. For the study, the qualitative approach was used, at a descriptive level and, once the problem of study was assured, a documentary-bibliographic research was started at an exploratory type. As a data collection technique, the documentary review was used, using newspapers and the Internet, as well as digital libraries, using databases such as CICCO and SCIELO, focusing on the issues to be addressed and the problem to be studied. One of the key documents, on which the research was based, was Conversion of Urban Solid Waste into Energy, in which the energy situation in Uruguay was analyzed , Through the implementation of different alternatives to generate energy with residues, focusing on one in particular, the Batch Oxidation System. From this research, we used a mathematical formula to calculate the energy capacity, which could be generated from a certain amount of waste, it was adapted to the estimated amount of garbage produced in the city of Asunción in the period 2016. However, it should be emphasized that the investigation did not go much deeper into the mode of operation of the machinery, but in what could be achieved with its use. It was observed that in Asunción there is an important potential in terms of energy capacity, through this system, more than 500 households in the country's capital could make use of the energy generated from waste. Asunción could begin its path towards sustainability, taking into account the care of the most valuable resource: nature

The leisure nautical sector in the atlantic area.

According to the so-called ”maritime economy”, maritime activities are one of the key elements of the Lisbon Strategy. According to the European Union, those sectors related to the exploitation of the seas have contributed to the building of the Atlantic Area identity. Some subsectors from the maritime economy face tough times, while other o er great opportunities for economic growth and employment. In this context the HARVEST ATLANTIC (Harnessing All Resources Valuable to Economies of Seaside Territories on the Atlantic) project is developed, approved by the Atlantic Area Interreg IV-B Program. This study includes the main results obtained from the above mentioned project related to the recreational nautical sector in four countries from the Atlantic area (Spain, Portugal, Ireland and Scotland). The surveys that were conducted among companies from the sector included di erent aspects related with their location, innovation, human capital and policy making